A further fifth (17%) work for other top broadcasters Record TV or Band TV. RSFs global indicator its measure of the level of media freedom worldwide is only 0.3% lower in the 2021 Index than it was in 2020. 
Topping the French list are TV presenters Pascal Praud and Anne-Claire Coudray. All were released by April 2022. The prison census accounts only for journalists in government custody and does not include those who have disappeared or are held captive by non-state actors. Together, these papers received a third (32%) of mentions, reflecting the continued prominence of print news brands in Finland. According to our respondents, journalists can now include YouTubers, podcasters, comedians, authors, and social media influencers. Although every country has a woman in the top three most-named journalists, the lists become more male as you move down them. Across countries, less than half of our sample named a single journalist, though this may be at least partly due to low response rates in general for these types of open questions. Across the six markets, the majority of journalists named are men, with the proportion as high as 71% in Brazil and 70% in the US.2 Only Finland is anywhere near parity in the gender balance of named journalists 59% are men. The third is African: Eritrea (down 2 at 180th). [2], In 2022, the eight countries which ranked highest on the Press Freedom Index were, in order, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, and Costa Rica. In some cases, we deferred to journalists self-descriptions of their primary outlet and role. Q _Journalists_2. Saudi Arabias release of 10 prisoners its holding 14 after no new journalists were recorded on the 2021 census means it is no longer among the five biggest offenders. The United States was #42. However, the past years relative stability should not divert attention from the fact that it has deteriorated by 12% since this indicator was created in 2013. These numbers are yet another reflection of the lower visibility of women in the news media (Eddy et al. Reporters Without Borders is careful to note that the index only deals with press freedom and does not measure the quality of journalism in the countries it assesses, nor does it look at human rights violations in general.[2]. However, it would be nave to see lower prisoner numbers as a sign of a change of heart toward the press. However, the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, a partner of CPJ. Those whom we classified as alternative or independent account for around 15% of all named journalists in the United States, but far less in all other countries. United Kingdom, T: +44 (0)1865 611080 of the journalists mentioned are from impartially regulated broadcasters such as the BBC, ITV News, Sky News, Channel 4, GB News, Talk Radio and LBC. The reasons for the relentless climb in the numbers of detained journalists this is the sixth consecutive year that CPJs census has recorded at least 250 incarcerated differ between countries. Oxford, OX2 6PS The picture in Finland, meanwhile, is a little different. But we also find another group of independent journalists that include former mainstream journalists like Megyn Kelly (ex-Fox News and NBC) and Katie Couric (ex-ABC) who have now set up on their own and operate across multiple channels. In reality, journalistic pluralism and rigorous reporting serve to combat disinformation and infodemics, including false and misleading information. Turning to the United States, we find respondents paying attention to journalists who express a higher degree of opinion and political partisanship. Many journalists, among them American Danny Fenster, were released ahead of the census count after months in prison and CPJs research suggests there may be others in custody yet to be identified as reporters. The Press Freedom Index is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders since 2002 based upon the organisation's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year. Burundi (up 13 at 147th), Sierra Leone (up 10 at 75th) and Mali (up 9 at 99th) have all seen significant improvements, including the release of four journalists with the independent Burundian media Iwacu, the repeal of a law criminalising press offences in Sierra Leone and a fall in the number of abuses in Mali. In addition, authoritarian leaders are increasingly finding more sophisticated ways to block independent reporters and outlets notably internet shutdowns and increased surveillance through high-tech spyware than keeping them behind bars. It does not include the many journalists imprisoned and released throughout the year; accounts of those cases can be found at http://cpj.org. A CPJ special report by Editorial Director Arlene Getz. Finally, an in-between country is Germany, where there are somewhat more print journalists (19%) named than in Brazil or France, but fewer than the UK and Finland. Every evening so far, police order him to spend the night in the stations cells. This list reminds us that cable TV continues to punch well above its weight in engaging Americans with the news. , 2 To aid in our analysis of race and gender, as in prior Reuters Institute work, we employ binary coding systems, while recognising that both gender and race are complex and multidimensional. Turkey, once the worlds worst jailer of journalists, is now ranked sixth in the CPJ census after releasing 20 prisoners in the last year. The proportion of journalists named from broadcast media is also in the middle of the pack (70%), with this seven-in-ten figure being largely driven by the prominence of ARD, ZDF, and RTL, which make up two-thirds (64%) of mentions. TheEastern Europe and Central Asia(EECA) region held onto its second-to-last position in the regional rankings, in part because of events in Belarus (down 5 at 158th), where journalists were subjected to an unprecedented crackdown in an attempt to cover up the massive street protests in response to the contested presidential election result. Dozens of its journalists were attacked by supporters of extremist and conspiracy theory believers during protests against pandemic restrictions. It also includes violations of the free flow of information on the Internet. Six journalists are listed on the prison census for Latin America: three in Cuba, two in Nicaragua, and one in Brazil. CPJs 2021 prison census found that the number of reporters jailed for their work hit a new global record of 293, up from a revised total of 280 in 2020. In the West African country of Benin, two are charged under the countrys broadly worded digital code, which is seen as a major challenge to press freedom by allowing criminal prosecution for anything published or distributed online. But is also striking that the most successful journalists have not stuck to a traditional medium. Images and other media are not covered by the Creative Commons license. With 16 journalists behind bars on the date of the annual census, Ethiopia tied with Eritrea as the years worst jailers of journalists in sub-Saharan Africa. Their false claims were debunked by investigative journalists at media outlets such as Brazils Agncia Pblica and in-depth reporting by Venezuelas few remaining independent publications. Cable TV hosts such as Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity from Fox News and Rachel Maddow from MSNBC have the most name recognition, with TV presenters and anchors accounting for the entire top-ten list. University of Oxford Six were arrested in November as the conflict escalated and the government imposed harsh emergency laws. Three opinion columnists from the Guardian also make the top list, a testament to the high online reach of the left-leaning publication which doesnt have a paywall. Most of the 2021 Indexs biggest gains are in Africa. As we heard in the previous chapter, some journalists have used email or subscription platforms to monetise their personal connection with audiences enabling the most successful few to make significant amounts from subscriptions. , Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism On the other hand, top-named print reporters and columnists in places like the UK, US, and Germany tend to be overwhelmingly male. Two are Asian: Turkmenistan (up 1 at 178th) and North Korea (up 1 at 179th). This is similar to ZDF (47% women) and France Tlvisions (53% women). Please type in the names of up to five journalists that you regularly pay attention to (e.g. Both the BBCs Laura Kuenssberg and ITVs Robert Peston have been on screens most evenings for several years, covering the Brexit fallout and COVID-19 pandemic, but they are also prolific across social media channels with 1.3m and 1.2m Twitter followers, respectively. We asked respondents in our survey whether they paid most attention to specific journalists or to news brands when looking for news online. Emboldened autocrats are increasingly ignoring due process and flouting international norms to keep themselves in power. //-->. Journalists remain on CPJs list until the organization determines with reasonable certainty that they have been released or have died in custody. In this region, still the toughest and most dangerous for journalists, the pandemic has exacerbated the problems that have long plagued the press, which was already in its death throes. The questionnaire takes account of the legal framework for the media (including penalties for press offences, the existence of a state monopoly for certain kinds of media and how the media are regulated) and the level of independence of the public media. A perceived lack of real diversity may be contributing to the lack of engagement, especially with a younger generation who want more representation. 
The 11 are not listed in the CPJ census because The Epoch Times said they were not reporters, but their detention is an ominous indicator of Chinas efforts to stifle media discourse. In Saudi Arabia, the intimidatory effect of Jamal Khashoggis horrific murder and dismemberment in 2018, along with several new detentions in 2019, is likely to have silenced many journalists more effectively than any fresh wave of arrests. In Brazil, William Bonner, anchor for the countrys popular Jornal Nacional, heads the list, followed by crime TV presenter Jos Luiz Datena and another TV Globo presenter, Maria Jlia (Maju) Coutinho. Elsewhere, within mainstream media itself, the price of top journalistic talent has risen substantially in an increasingly competitive media landscape especially for those news anchors, columnists, commentators, and podcasters who are able to attract significant audiences. Egyptian photojournalist and CPJ International Press Freedom Awardee Mahmoud Abou Zeid, known as Shawkan, for example, has spent every night in police custody since he was freed from Tora prison on March 4, 2019. It intends to reflect the degree of freedom that journalists, news organisations, and netizens have in each country, and the efforts made by authorities to respect this freedom. Across our six countries, some specific outlets, however, see more equality. News brands continue to hold more relevance to people particularly in places like Finland, Germany, and the UK and when people do name journalists, they tend to be male and on television. The questionnaire is sent to Reporters Without Borders's partner organisations: 18 freedom of expression non-governmental organisations located in five continents, its 150 correspondents around the world and journalists, researchers, jurists and human rights activists. Freelance video journalist Zhang Zhan, arrested in May 2020 for her critical coverage of Chinas response to the COVID-19 pandemic, is serving four years for picking quarrels and stirring up trouble a charge often used to target peaceful critics of the ruling Chinese Communist Party. In Iran (down 1 at 174th), the authorities tightened their control over news coverage and stepped up trials of journalists in order to weaken the medias ability to scrutinise the countrys Covid-19 death toll. 
This year, only 12 of the Indexs 180 countries (7%) can claim to offer a favourable environment for journalism, as opposed to 13 countries (8%) last year. The situation, however, is even more dire than this total suggests. The report is partly based on a questionnaire[3] using seven general criteria: pluralism (measures the degree of representation of opinions in the media space), media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, transparency, infrastructure, and abuses. For more information about permissions, see our FAQs. Neither country sees any significant number of journalists from digital media outlets named (4% in Brazil, 3% in France). To understand more about these dynamics, we asked respondents to name up to five specific journalists they pay attention to, using an open-ended question in our survey. Nine in ten journalists named in France work in broadcast media, primarily at television outlets such as TF1 and France Tlvisions which received 23% and 21% of mentions, respectively. Some could face life in prison. Like the UK, there is more focus on journalists from print media, with over a third (37%) of names being columnists or reporters for outlets such as Iltalehti, Ilta-Sanomat, and Helsingin Sanomat. This politicisation of journalism may be one additional factor contributing to low trust in the news. 
The government of Abiy Ahmed, who became prime minister amidst anunprecedented era of reform after becoming prime minister in 2018, emerged in 2021 as the second-worst jailer of journalists in sub-Saharan Africa, after Eritrea. Egyptian authorities regularly work around legislation limiting prisoners pretrial detention to two years by filing additional charges to extend that period. Public broadcaster Yle received 35% of mentions, with presenter Matti Rnk ranking first equal alongside former Yle presenter (and current AlfaTV presenter/Iltalehti columnist) Sanna Ukkola. news presenters, columnists, or reporters). The country that fell the furthest in 2021 was Malaysia (down 18 at 119th), where the problems include a recent anti-fake news decree allowing the government to impose its own version of the truth. The seven additional journalists in custody were state media reporters Teklehaimanot Girmai and Mekonnen Yibrah; Associated Press contributor Amir Aman Kiyaro; freelance cameraperson Thomas Engida; Addisu Muluneh, a reporter with the state-affiliated Fana Broadcasting Corporation; Ermias Tesfaye, a reporter with the news site Ethiopia Insight; and Mikiyas Tilahun, who contributed to the YouTube-based news outlet, Reyot Media. They also feature prominently on digital channels, further increasing their visibility. In theAsia-Pacificregion, the censorship virus spread beyond China, in particular to Hong Kong (80th), where the National security law imposed by Beijing seriously threatens journalists. Now based in New York, she has reported from Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East as a foreign correspondent, editor, and editorial executive for Newsweek. In addition, an unknown number of reporters have gone underground or into exile their departure a significant blow to gains made by independent media under the ousted elected government. We focus in the following sections on the journalists who were named in six countries.1. In some countries, these popular names are newsreaders with a commitment to impartiality, but in others they are partisan hosts. In Germany, YouTuber and podcaster Tilo Jung attracts the attention of some younger respondents to our survey with a persona of a naive young man who asks his guests very basic questions about the news (Jung & Naiv). Eight Hong Kong media figures, including Jimmy Lai, founder of Apple Daily and Next Digital and CPJs 2021 Gwen Ifill Press Freedom Awardee, were jailed in a stark blow to the citys already embattled independent press. At least 17 jailed journalists have been charged with cybercrimes. Invoking new tech and security laws, repressive regimes from Asia to Europe to Africa cracked down harshly on the independent press. Again, journalists working for digital-born media do not feature prominently. Although a decrease from last year, the ongoing detentions are emblematic of the Abdel Fattah el-Sisi governments often blatant disregard of its countrys own laws. Thats the number worn by Ivulin when he played for the club. 
Belarus leader Aleksandr Lukashenko, meanwhile, showed how little he cared about public opinion and how much he cared about staying in power by the extreme measures taken to arrest journalist Raman Pratasevich: the outrageous diversion of a civilian RyanAir flight to take Pratasevich off the plane. 
Mexico remained the Western hemispheres deadliest country for reporters. About one in seven (14%) work for a digital-born news organisation a much higher figure than in the UK (around 2%). Other explanations may relate to the types of journalism that are practised in different countries. And are the journalists whom people are able to name mainly trading in facts or opinion?
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